Cooperative Primers

Designing PCR Primers Painlessly†

Inosine and Primers Universality

Culture-independent methods, employed to study the diversity and complexity of microbial communities that are based on amplification of rRNA genes with universal primers, include gradient gel electrophoresis (denaturing or temperature), single-strand-conformation polymorphism, restriction fragment length polymorphism, qPCR and highthroughput DNA sequencing. Substituting one or more base(s) with...

PCR with arbitrary primers

Primers and Primases

DNA polymerases cannot initiate the synthesis of new DNA chains, they can only elongate pre-existing primers. The opposite polarities of the two strands of the double helix coupled with the 5′r3′ polarity of the polymerase means that replication occurs relatively continuously on one (leading) strand and discontinuously on the other (lagging) strand. The continuous strand probably needs to be pr...

Oxford War Primers

treated are already for the most part deeply infected before there is any possibility of treating them. " Some few things have had to be unlearnt. We know, for instance, why our forefathers made such large and deep incisions, why they amputated so freely, and why they preferred simple circular amputations to the more elaborate, and, as it seemed to us, the better method of cutting flaps. We kno...